Pope Paul VI’s 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae, that reaffirmed the Catholic Church’s teaching on use of artificial contraception as “intrinsically evil,” has been reassessed in recent years in light of Pope Francis suggesting a more flexible approach to its teaching in light of today’s complex personal situations. Some theologians, including the leaders of the Pontifical Academy for Life, have insinuated the teaching is not infallible, and have explored the possibilities of change, prompting heated debates. Some see support or opposition for such a reassessment as a reliable indicator of faithfulness or dissent vis-à-vis the Church’s perennial magisterium.
Reassessing Humanae Vitae
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Position
|
Cardinal
|
Voting status
|
Created by
|
Age
|
Nation
|
Continent
|
Position
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
73
|
Paraguay
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
94
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
84
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
84
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
77
|
Sri Lanka
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
85
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Guatemala
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
51
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Sweden
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
82
|
France
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
81
|
South Korea
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
64
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Major Superior
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
71
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
83
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
99
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
63
|
India
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
88
|
Nigeria
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
Rwanda
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
79
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
88
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
86
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
86
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Cape Verde
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Great Britain
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
87
|
Lithuania
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
60
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
54
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Venezuela
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
84
|
Lebanon
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
83
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Ethiopia
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
93
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Peru
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Chile
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Myanmar
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
Haiti
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
John Paul II
|
79
|
Austria
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
78
|
France
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
69
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
64
|
India
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
81
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
Morocco
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
65
|
Uruguay
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
75
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
70
|
Madagascar
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
85
|
Venezuela
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
57
|
Central African Republic
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
62
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Czech Republic
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
France
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
61
|
Iran
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
84
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
85
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
85
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Switzerland
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
98
|
Uganda
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
88
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
84
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
96
|
Albania
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
98
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
60
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
84
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
78
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
67
|
Chile
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
India
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
90
|
Slovenia
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
78
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
90
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
86
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
92
|
Nigeria
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
53
|
Canada
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Thailand
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
75
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
91
|
Chile
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
56
|
France
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
64
|
DR Congo
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
96
|
Germany
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
83
|
Sudan
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
92
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
79
|
India
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
51
|
India
|
Asia
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
67
|
Canada
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Germany
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
50
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
90
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
90
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
77
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
El Salvador
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
60
|
Poland
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
63
|
Ivory Coast (Cote D`Ivoire)
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Indonesia
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
64
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
92
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
75
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
94
|
Latvia
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
81
|
Mali
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
90
|
Vietnam
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
Luxembourg
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
France
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
62
|
Algeria
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Ivory Coast (Cote D`Ivoire)
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
80
|
France
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
77
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
79
|
Kenya
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
67
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Oceania
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
New Zealand
|
Oceania
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
80
|
Nigeria
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
85
|
China
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Colombia
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
59
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
59
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Panama
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
93
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Pakistan
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
John Paul II
|
75
|
Croatia
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Belgium
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Cuba
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
78
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
81
|
Peru
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
91
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
94
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
97
|
Mozambique
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
90
|
Indonesia
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
89
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
74
|
Poland
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
61
|
Poland
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
74
|
Switzerland
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
68
|
Serbia
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
73
|
South Korea
|
Asia
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Nicaragua
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
87
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
84
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Iraq
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Laos
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
93
|
Romania
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
67
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
69
|
Ecuador
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
90
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
62
|
Colombia
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
97
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
86
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
80
|
Canada
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
67
|
Malta
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
69
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
83
|
Mauritius
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
80
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
59
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
78
|
Canada
|
North America
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
87
|
Great Britain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
95
|
Thailand
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
44
|
Australia
|
Oceania
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Burkina Faso
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
88
|
Dominican Republic
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
82
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
75
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
85
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
82
|
Honduras
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
80
|
India
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
65
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
86
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
81
|
Bangladesh
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
94
|
France
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
57
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Peru
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
John Paul II
|
72
|
Hungary
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|