Pressure to make priestly celibacy optional has grown in recent decades partly because it has been seen as “unjust” for men, as a solution to shortages of priests, and to prevent the misbehaviour of priests. Supporters of the mandatory rule, which is a discipline based on Christ’s example and a subsequent perennial tradition, argue that it brings many benefits to the Church, from allowing priests to fully dedicate themselves to God to reflecting their supernatural fatherhood as priests. Pope Francis has suggested that the rule can be revised and left the issue open for discussion.
Making Priestly Celibacy Optional
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Position
|
Cardinal
|
Voting status
|
Created by
|
Age
|
Nation
|
Continent
|
Position
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
73
|
Paraguay
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
94
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
84
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
84
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
77
|
Sri Lanka
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
85
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Guatemala
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
51
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Sweden
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
82
|
France
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
81
|
South Korea
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
64
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Major Superior
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
71
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
83
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
99
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
63
|
India
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
88
|
Nigeria
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
Rwanda
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
79
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
88
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
86
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
86
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Cape Verde
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Great Britain
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
87
|
Lithuania
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
60
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
54
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Venezuela
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
84
|
Lebanon
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
83
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Ethiopia
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
93
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Peru
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Chile
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Myanmar
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
Haiti
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
John Paul II
|
79
|
Austria
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
78
|
France
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
69
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
64
|
India
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
81
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
Morocco
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
65
|
Uruguay
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
75
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
70
|
Madagascar
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
85
|
Venezuela
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
57
|
Central African Republic
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
62
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Czech Republic
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
France
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
61
|
Iran
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
84
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
85
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
85
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Switzerland
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
98
|
Uganda
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
88
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
84
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
96
|
Albania
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
98
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
60
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
84
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
78
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
67
|
Chile
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
India
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
90
|
Slovenia
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
78
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
90
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
86
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
92
|
Nigeria
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
53
|
Canada
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Thailand
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
75
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
91
|
Chile
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
56
|
France
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
64
|
DR Congo
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
96
|
Germany
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
83
|
Sudan
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
92
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
79
|
India
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
51
|
India
|
Asia
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
67
|
Canada
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Germany
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
50
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
90
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
90
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
77
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
El Salvador
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
60
|
Poland
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
63
|
Ivory Coast (Cote D`Ivoire)
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Indonesia
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
64
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
92
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
75
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
94
|
Latvia
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
81
|
Mali
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
90
|
Vietnam
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
Luxembourg
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
66
|
France
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
62
|
Algeria
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Ivory Coast (Cote D`Ivoire)
|
Africa
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
80
|
France
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
77
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
79
|
Kenya
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
67
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Oceania
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
New Zealand
|
Oceania
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
80
|
Nigeria
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
85
|
China
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
82
|
Colombia
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
59
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
59
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Panama
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
93
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Pakistan
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
72
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
John Paul II
|
75
|
Croatia
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Belgium
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Cuba
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
78
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
81
|
Peru
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
91
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
94
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
97
|
Mozambique
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
90
|
Indonesia
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
89
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
74
|
Poland
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
United States of America
|
North America
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
61
|
Poland
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
74
|
Switzerland
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
68
|
Serbia
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
73
|
South Korea
|
Asia
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
81
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Nicaragua
|
North America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
87
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
84
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
75
|
Iraq
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Laos
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
93
|
Romania
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
67
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Spain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
69
|
Ecuador
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
90
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
62
|
Colombia
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
97
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
86
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
76
|
Portugal
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
80
|
Canada
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
67
|
Malta
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
77
|
Argentina
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
69
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
83
|
Mauritius
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
80
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
59
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Curial
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
78
|
Canada
|
North America
|
Curial
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
87
|
Great Britain
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
95
|
Thailand
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
44
|
Australia
|
Oceania
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
79
|
Burkina Faso
|
Africa
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
88
|
Dominican Republic
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
82
|
Mexico
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
75
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
85
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
74
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
82
|
Honduras
|
North America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
80
|
India
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
65
|
Philippines
|
Asia
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Benedict XVI
|
86
|
Italy
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
81
|
Bangladesh
|
Asia
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
John Paul II
|
94
|
France
|
Europe
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
Francis
|
57
|
Brazil
|
South America
|
Diocesan
|
|
|
Non-Voting
|
Francis
|
80
|
Peru
|
South America
|
Emeritus
|
|
|
Voting
|
John Paul II
|
72
|
Hungary
|
|